BIOSENSORS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF COVID-19

 

 

  HEREDITY HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES

 

 

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Written by:

Sweta Yadav

 

 


 

Introduction:

In this rapid outburst of Covid-19 virus the statistical analysis of the data found from various survey leads to the conclusion that there is a need for quick and sensitive diagnostic measure in order to assess the spread of this novel virus and further defining controllable protocols. Currently, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is being used widely to detect COVID-19 from wide range of biological specimens, which is tedious, labor dependent and not so easy to execute in remote and resource limited areas. This might act as barrier in acquiring realistic data of infectivity and community spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the population. This review focuses the advantages of Biosensors based diagnostics over the conventional one for the detection of SARS-Cov-2.

 

Various research on diagnostic tools is currently being carried out in order to assist with rapid identification of the virus, as mass diagnosis and containment is the best way to prevent the outbreak of the virus. Also, there is a growing urgency to establish a device for the rapid detection of coronavirus to prevent subsequent spread.This can be achieved by testing people or mass population for any viral infection. It involves biosensing of presence or absence of analytes such as viral nucleic acids, intact viral particles, viral proteins and antibodies generated by the patient’s immune response against the virus.

 

Incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 is 2–7 days, before the onset of the infection. This stage is highly contagious as the virus can spread from one infected person to the other healthy one during this phase and this stage is mostly asymptomatic. So, mass diagnosis is the best way for early detection of infection to prevent the outbreak of the virus.

 

Biosensors in the detection of human respiratory viruses:

Biosensors are analytical devices having biological recognition molecules such as antibodies, enzymes, or nucleic acids coupled with a transducer and a detector that detects the interacted analyte and gives a digital output.

In the past few decades, an exceptional surge in the development and performance has been witnessedin the innovation of biosensor research, due to advancements in the branch of nanotechnology, genetic engineering and transduction systems, offering various strategies to improve the detection performance of biosensors.

Viral biosensors offer exciting alternatives to traditional diagnostic tests and can also provide rapid, sensitive, miniaturized, inexpensive and portable platforms when compared to traditional laboratory-based techniques.

 

Possible target sites for diagnosing SARS-Cov-2:

 


  The possible targets of SARS-CoV-2 are Envelope small membrane protein, Genomic RNA, Spike glycoprotein, Hemagglutinin esterase (HE), Membrane protein (M) and Nucleoprotein (N) for testing viral genomic RNA, membrane proteins, and spike glycoproteins, which give immediate immune response upon binding to the host ACE-2 receptors.

 

Types of Biosensors:

There are mainly 7 Kind of Biosensors that includes:

1.       PlasmonicPhotothermalAuNp Based

2.       CRISPAR Cas Based

3.       Plasmonic SERS/QCM Based

4.       Aptamer-Au NPs Based

5.       Silicon Nanowire Based

6.       Graphene-FET Based

7.       Electrochemical AuNPs Based

 

PLASMONIC PHOTOTHERMAL AuNP Based:

A dual-functional plasmonic biosensor combining the plasmonicphotothermal (PPT) effect and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) transduction provides an alternative and promising solution for the clinical COVID-19 diagnosis. The two-dimensional gold nanoislands (AuNIs) functionalized with complementary DNA receptors can perform a sensitive detection of the selected sequences from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through nucleic acid hybridization.

 

APTAMER-AuNPs BASED:

Here, an Aptamer targets the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein of the SARS Cov-2, it gets immobilised and shows the presence of Covid-19 virus.

 

GRAPHENE-FET BASED:

This is a type of Biosensor which is developed for the detection of SARS Cov-2. It is functionalized with SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody (COVID-19 FET sensor) for use as a SARS-CoV-2 virus detection platform. SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody was immobilized onto the fabricated device through 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (PBASE), an efficient interface coupling agent used as a probe linker. This COVID-19 FET sensor detects target SARS-CoV-2 antigen protein with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 fg/mL. Through multiple tests it is confirmed that it has the potential for clinical application by detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigen protein in transport medium used for nasopharyngeal swabs.

 

CRISPR Cas Based:

 CRISPR–Cas12-based lateral flow assay technique is easy to implement and an accurate and good replacement for real-time RT-PCR based diagnostics (Broughton et al. 2020). The FET-based biosensing devices utilize the coating of the graphene sheets of the FET with a monoclonal antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This FET biosensor device could detect 1 fg/mL conc. of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 100 fg/mL conc. in the clinical transport medium.

 

Electrochemical AuNPs Based:

Electrochemical AuNPs Based biosensors work on the same principle as Aptamer-Au NPs Based biosensors. The difference between them is that the former is electrochemical based and the latter is aptamer based.

 

Plasmonic SERS/QCM Based:

Plasmonic SERS/QCM based biosensors work on the same principle as PlasmonicPhotothermalAuNp based biosensors. The difference between them is that the former is QSM based and the latter is PhotothermalAuNpbased.

 

 

References:

1.       Liu Z, Xiao X, Wei X et al (2020) Composition and divergence of coronavirus spike proteins and host ACE2 receptors predict potential intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 92:595–601. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25726

 

2.       Samson, R., Navale, G. R., &Dharne, M. S. (2020). Biosensors: frontiers in rapid detection of COVID-19. 3 Biotech, 10(9). doi:10.1007/s13205-020-02369-0 

 

3.       Souf S (2016) Recent advances in diagnostic testing for viral infections. Biosci Horizons Int J Student Res. https://doi.org/10.1093/BIOHO RIZONS/HZW010

 

4.       Cheng MS, Toh CS (2013) Novel biosensing methodologies for ultrasensitive detection of viruses. Analyst 138:6219–6229

 

5.       Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH et al (2020) A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 395:514–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9

6.       Guliy OI, Zaitsev BD, Larionova OS, Borodina IA (2019) Russian Text © The Author(s). Biophysics (Oxf) 64:1094–1102. https:// doi.org/10.1134/S0006350919060095

 

 

 

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